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The Beginning of Photograph:
Light entering a minute hole in the wall of a darkened room casts on the opposite wall an inverted image of whatever lies outside the hole. Aristotle noted this phenomenon in the fourth century B.C.; it was put to practical use by medieval scientists to observe eclipses of the sun. Leonardo da Vinci clearly describes the dark room, or camera obscura as the device came to be called, in his manuscripts. He is the first artist to mention this phenomenon; not until the Renaissance did the public demand "correct" linear perspective as formed by such optical projection. For example, Albrecht Dürer, the typical German artist of the transition between the Gothic and the Renaissance, in his book on proportions carefully describes and illustrates devices to aid the artist in rendering nature according to orthographic perspective.
Leonardo's description of the dark room lay hidden in his secret manuscripts; not until the Neapolitan Giovanni Battista della Porta independently described the camera obscura in his very popular book Natural Magic ( 1553) was the phenomenon generally known and put to practical use. Before long a lens was substituted for the minute hole, thus making the image brighter; this was proposed by an artist, Danielo Barbaro , in his Practice of Perspective ( 1568). At this period the camera obscura was quite literally a dark room, into which the draftsman entered. By tracing the outlines of the projected image, he was able to secure an accurate drawing of whatever happened to be outside the room. Draftsmen were not the only people to use the device, however. Magicians astonished the public by staging theatrical performances outside a large camera obscura while the audience, seated inside, viewed the projected image. In this way was laid the foundation for moving pictures.
Main Entry: 1pho·to
Pronunciation: 'fO-(")tO
Function: noun
Inflected Form(s): plural photos
Date: 1860
: PHOTOGRAPH
Main Entry: 1pho·to·graph
Pronunciation: 'fO-t&-"graf
Function: noun
Date: 1839
: a picture or likeness obtained by photography
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